Nk' "umutima" wa transformateur, icyuma gifata igice cy'imbere gifite uruhare runini mu guhindura ingufu za electromagnetic. Ntabwo bigira ingaruka gusa ku mikorere myiza y'ingufu za transformateur, ahubwo binafitanye isano itaziguye n'ingano, uburemere, n'imikorere y'ibikoresho. Iterambere ry'ibikoresho by'icyuma, kuva ku cyuma gikozwe mu nganda kugeza ku byuma bidafite isura nziza muri iki gihe, ryagaragaje iterambere ryiza ry'ikoranabuhanga rya transformateur.
Imikorere y'ibanze n'ibisabwa mu mikorere y'inkingi y'icyuma
Inshingano nyamukuru y'ishingiro rya transformateur ni ugutanga uruziga rwa rukuruzi rwiza, rwemerera ingufu z'amashanyarazi kohereza hagati y'uruziga zitandukanye binyuze mu ihame ryo gukoresha ingufu za elegitoroniki. Imikorere y'ishingiro rya icyuma igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku bipimo bya tekiniki n'ubukungu bya transformateur. Ibisabwa by'ibanze ku bikoresho by'ishingiro rya icyuma ni: igihombo gito cy'ishingiro rya icyuma ku nshuro runaka n'ubucucike bwa rukuruzi, n'ubucucike bwinshi bwa rukuruzi ku mbaraga runaka za rukuruzi.
Igihombo cy’ibanze kirimo ibice bibiri: igihombo cya hysteresis n’igihombo cya eddy current. Igihombo cya hysteresis gifitanye isano n’ingorane zo gukoresha magnetization y’ibintu, mu gihe igihombo cya eddy current giterwa n’umugezi uzenguruka uterwa n’ihindagurika rya magnetic flux mu gice cy’imbere cy’icyuma. Kugira ngo bigabanye ibi bihombo, ibikoresho byiza by’inkingi y’icyuma bigomba kugira resistivity nyinshi y’amashanyarazi, magnetic permeability nyinshi, kandi imbaraga nke.
Iterambere ry'ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'icyuma
Iterambere ry'ibikoresho by'ibanze bya transformer ryanyuze mu rugendo rurerure kandi rushimishije. Ibikoresho bya transformer bya mbere byakoreshaga insinga zisanzwe za karuboni cyangwa icyuma cya karuboni nk'ibikoresho bya rukuruzi. Mu 1885, uruganda rwa Gunz muri Hongiriya rwakoze transformer ya mbere ifite igice kimwe ifite urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi rufunze, kandi igice cyayo cy'icyuma cyari gikozwe muri ubwo bwoko bw'ibikoresho.
Mu 1900, RA Hadfield, Umwongereza, n'abandi basanze kongera silikoni mu cyuma cyoroshye bishobora kongera ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'ingufu, kugabanya umuyoboro wa eddy na hysteresis, no kugabanya ikibazo cyo "gusaza kw'ibanze". Mu 1903, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika n'Ubudage byatangiye gukora impapuro za silikoni zishyushye, bikaba byaragaragaje intangiriro y'igihe cy'impapuro za silikoni.
Impapuro z'icyuma za silikoni zishyushye zifite ibibazo nko kudakora neza no gutakaza byinshi. Mu myaka ya 1930, habayeho iterambere mu ikoranabuhanga ry'impapuro z'icyuma za silikoni zikonje. Mu 1933, Gauss yakoresheje uburyo bubiri bwo gukonjesha no gufunga kugira ngo akore icyuma cya 3% Si gifite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukurura mu cyerekezo cyo gukonjesha. Mu 1935, Armco Steel Company yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika yakoranye na Westinghouse Company kugira ngo batangire gukora icyuma cya silikoni gikonjesha.
Nyuma y’imyaka ya 1960, ibihugu bikomeye byateye imbere byagiye bihagarika buhoro buhoro gukora amabati ya silikoni ashyushye, bihindukirira amabati ya silikoni ashyushye kandi akora neza. Mu 1964, Nippon Steel Corporation yo mu Buyapani yashyizeho amabati ya silikoni ashyushye akoresha ibyuma bikonje (Hi-B steel), bigabanya igihombo cya transfoma kidatwara umutwaro.
Mu myaka ya 1970, ibikoresho by’icyuma bidafite isura ya mbere byatangiye kugaragara mu mateka. Mu 1974, United Microelectronics Corporation yateguye ibikoresho by’icyuma bidafite isura ya kera, naho mu 1978, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zikora transformateur z’icyuma zidafite isura ya 10KVA. Ubu bwoko bushya bw’ibikoresho bufite umwihariko wo gutakaza icyuma gito cyane, ni 1/3-1/5 gusa by’amabati asanzwe ya silikoni, bifungura igihe gishya cyo kuzigama ingufu kuri transformateur.
Ubwoko bw'ingenzi n'imiterere y'ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'icyuma
urupapuro rw'icyuma cya silikoni
Urupapuro rw'icyuma rwa silicon ni aloyi yoroshye ya silicon ifite icyuma cya karuboni nke cyane, muri rusange ifite siliconi iri hagati ya 0.5-4.5%. Kongeramo siliconi bishobora kongera imbaraga z'amashanyarazi no gutuma icyuma kitagira ingufu nyinshi, bikagabanya imbaraga zo guhatira, gutakaza ingufu, no gusaza kwa magnetic. Urupapuro rw'icyuma rwa siliconi rushobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: rushyushye ruzunguruka n'urukonje ruzunguruka, aho ruzunguruka ruzunguruka rukongera kugabanywamo ubwoko bukurikiranye n'ubudakikije.
Urupapuro rw'icyuma rwa silikoni rukonje rudakora neza ruvuga ko ari icyuma cya 0.5% ~ 4.0% (Si + Al), gikonjeshwa kikagera kuri 0.65mm, 0.5mm, na 0.35mm hanyuma kigashyirwamo igifuniko kugira ngo kibeho. Ubwoko bw'ingano yacyo buratandukanye cyane, kandi gifite ubushobozi bwo gukoresha rukuruzi mu mpande zose.
Icyuma cya silikoni gishingiye ku murongo gifite ubushobozi bwo gusohora ingufu za rukuruzi nyinshi kandi gifite ubushobozi bwo gutakaza bike mu cyerekezo cyoroshye cyo gukurura ingufu, ibyo bikaba byujuje ibisabwa mu gutwara ingufu za rukuruzi nk'ibikoresho bya transfoma. Inguni isanzwe yo guhindagurika kw'ingano y'icyuma gisanzwe cya silikoni gishingiye ku murongo (CGO) ni hafi 7 °, naho agaciro ka rukuruzi ko gushyuha B8 kari hejuru ya 1.82 Tesla; Inguni isanzwe yo guhindagurika kw'ingano y'icyuma cya silikoni gishingiye ku murongo wa rukuruzi (Hi-B) ni hafi 3 °, naho agaciro ka B8 kari hejuru ya 1.90 Tesla.
ibumba ridafite ishusho
Aloyi y’ubutare ni ibikoresho bikora neza by’icyuma bifite atome zikwirakwizwa mu buryo butunguranye muri matrix y’ibikoresho, bifite imiterere nk’iy’ikirahure. Aloyi isanzwe y’ubutare irimo 80% by’icyuma, ibindi bice bikaba ari boroni na silikoni. Iki gikoresho gifite imiterere y’imbaraga nyinshi za magnetic induction (1.54T), ubushobozi bwinshi bwo kwinjira mu bushobozi bwa magnetic, imbaraga nke zo gushyushya, n’igihombo gito cyane cy’icyuma.
Igihombo cy'icyuma cya aloyine zikozwe mu cyuma ni kimwe cya gatatu kugeza kuri kimwe cya gatanu cy'amabati ya silikoni akikije icyuma, ibi bigabanya igihombo cy'aloyine zidafite umutwaro ku kigero cya 70% kugeza kuri 80% ugereranije na transformers zisanzwe za silikoni. Ubucucike bwa magnetic flux bw'aloyine zidafite umumero buri hasi (hafi 1.5T), bityo ubucucike bwa magnetic flux bufatwa nka 1.3-1.4T.
Ubunini bw'agace k'icyuma kitagira ishusho ni buto cyane, ni mm 0.03 gusa, bigatuma igice cy'icyuma kitagira ishusho kigira agaciro ka 80% gusa. Nubwo ibice bitagira ishusho bitagira ishusho bifite uburemere buke ugereranyije n'amabati ya silikoni, uburemere bw'igice cy'icyuma buracyari bunini.
Igishushanyo mbonera cy'imiterere y'ibanze
Imiterere y'imiterere y'inkingi ya transformer nayo yahindutse cyane. Kuva ku gice cya mbere cy'icyuma gifite laminated, kugeza ku gice cya C cy'icyuma, hanyuma kugeza ku gice cya mpandeshatu (igice cya mpandeshatu cy'icyuma gifite ishusho y'uruziga), buri gice gifite imiterere n'ibyiza byacyo.
Umutima w'icyuma uzunguruka ukorwa n'imirongo y'icyuma ya silikoni izunguruka, nk'umusemburo w'isaha upfundikiye neza. Ubwo bwoko bw'umutima w'icyuma bufite umuyoboro uhoraho wa rukuruzi utagira icyuho cy'umwuka, bigatuma udakomera cyane kandi ukagira ubushobozi bwo gukora neza. Ugereranyije na transformers za laminated zifite ubushobozi bumwe, transformers za toroidal zifite ibyiza byo kuba ntoya, uburemere bworoshye, no gusohora amazi make ya rukuruzi.
Ku bahinduramajwi badafite isura, bitewe n'ingorane zo gukata ibikoresho byabo, akenshi bashushanyije nk'inkingi z'icyuma zizungurutse. Imiterere y'inkingi ya transformer y'icyiciro kimwe ni inkingi, mu gihe imiterere y'inkingi ya transformer y'icyiciro cya gatatu ikorwa binyuze mu guhuza inkingi enye mu rufatiro rusa n'imiterere y'inkingi eshanu z'icyiciro cya gatatu. Iyi miterere ituma buri mpande zizunguruka zishyirwa ku mpande ebyiri zigenga z'uruziga rwa rukuruzi, bigakuraho ingaruka z'urujya n'uruza rwa rukuruzi rwa gatatu.
Uburyo bwo gukora ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'icyuma
Uburyo bwo gukora amabati ya silikoni ni ingenzi cyane, cyane cyane amabati ya silikoni ashingiye ku byuma. Uburyo bwo kuyakora ni ingenzi, idirishya ryo kuyatunganya ni rito, kandi imbogamizi mu kuyakora ni nyinshi. Bizwi nka "ubukorikori bw'ibikoresho by'icyuma".
Uburyo bwo gukora impapuro za silikoni zikozwe mu byuma bikonjesha bitazingiye ku ruhande akenshi bukubiyemo: ibice by'icyuma bikonjesha cyangwa ibice bikonjesha bikomeza gucukurwa mu byuma bifite ubugari bwa mm 2.3, hagakurikiraho gukaraba aside, gukaraba akonjesha, gukanda, no gusiga irangi ry'icyuma. Ku bicuruzwa bya silikoni byinshi, ni ngombwa kubanza kubitunganya kuri 800-850 ℃ nyuma yo gukaraba akonjesha, hagakurikiraho gukaraba aside, gukanda ku rugero runaka, gukanda, hanyuma gukanda ku rugero rwo hasi, hanyuma gukanda burundu.
Uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora aloyi zidafite isura ni ugutera umwuka w’icyuma gishongeshejwe ku gikoresho cy’umuringa kizunguruka cyane, maze icyuma gishongeshejwe kigakonjeshwa kigakomera mu mbago nto ku kigero cya 106 ℃ / s. Umuvuduko mwinshi w’imbere uterwa no kuzimya ugomba kugabanuka hakoreshejwe gufunga hagati ya 200 ℃ na 280 ℃ kugira ngo haboneke imiterere myiza ya rukuruzi.
Inyungu zo kuzigama ingufu z'ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'icyuma
Transformers ni nyinshi kandi zifite ubushobozi bwinshi mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi, bigatuma habaho igihombo kinini. Bivugwa ko igihombo cyose cya transformers mu Bushinwa kigera kuri 10% by'amashanyarazi akoreshwa muri ubwo buryo. Buri kugabanuka kwa 1% mu gihombo bishobora kuzigama miliyari za kilowatt z'amasaha y'amashanyarazi buri mwaka.
Transformers z’icyuma zitagira imiterere y’ubutare zifite ingaruka zikomeye zo kuzigama ingufu. Igihombo cy’imashini zihindura imiterere y’ubutare zitagira umutwaro za SH12 series amorphous alloy core kigabanukaho hafi 75% ugereranije na transformers za silicon series S9. Nubwo transformers z’icyuma zitagira imiterere y’ubutare zihenze kurusha transformers zisanzwe, ikiguzi cyazo cyo gukora ni gito cyane, kandi igihe cyo kwishyura ishoramari muri rusange kiri hagati y’imyaka 2-5.
Uturere twateye imbere mu bukungu duhagarariwe n’intara za Shanghai, Jiangsu, na Zhejiang twifashishije transformateurs zidafite isura ku rwego runini. Isosiyete y’amashanyarazi ya Jiangsu irateganya gushyiraho imirongo mishya kandi ivuguruye mu gihe kizaza, kandi ikoreshwa rya transformateurs zidafite isura rigomba kuba munsi ya 30%.
Iterambere ry'ibikoresho by'ingenzi by'icyuma
Ibikoresho by'icyuma birimo gutera imbere mu buryo butuma icyuma gitakaza agaciro gake no gukoresha ingufu nyinshi za rukuruzi. Ku byuma bya silikoni, harimo icyuma cya silikoni kidakoresha ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo icyuma gitakaza agaciro gake, moteri zikora neza cyane, icyuma cya silikoni gitakaza agaciro gake cyane, n'icyuma cya silikoni kinini ku bikoresho by'amashanyarazi bigabanya ingufu hagati n'ibikoresha ingufu nyinshi.
Icyuma cya silikoni kinini (Si Fe alloy ifite 4.5% ~ 6.7% Si) gifite imiterere yo kugabanuka cyane kw'icyuma ku miyoboro yo hejuru, ubushobozi bwo gusohora ibyuma ku buryo bukabije, ndetse n'ubushobozi buke bwo gukoresha imbaraga. Ariko ingano ya Si ni nyinshi cyane, kandi plastike yayo ni nke cyane iyo ubushyuhe bw'icyumba bushyuha, bigatuma bigorana kuyizunguruka no kuyirema. Kuri ubu, ibikoresho bya silikoni 6.5% bitagenzurwa bitegurwa ahanini binyuze mu nzira yo kwinjira muri silikoni.
Ibikoresho byahinduwe nano hamwe n'ibikoresho bishingiye ku binyabuzima nabyo ni kimwe mu byerekezo by'iterambere ry'ejo hazaza. Kubera ko hakomeje kwiyongera icyifuzo cyo kurengera ibidukikije, iterambere ry'ibikoresho by'icyuma bidahumanya, bishobora kubora cyangwa kongera gukoreshwa bizaba icyerekezo cy'ingenzi cy'ubushakashatsi.
Umwanzuro
Iterambere ry’ibikoresho by’ibanze bya transformer ryagaragaje uruvange rwiza rw’ubumenyi bw’ibikoresho n’ikoranabuhanga ry’amashanyarazi. Kuva ku byuma bisanzwe bya karuboni kugeza ku mpapuro z’icyuma za silikoni, hanyuma kugeza ku byuma bidafite isura, buri kintu cyose cyazamuye cyane urwego rw’ingufu za transformers.
Muri iki gihe aho kubungabunga ingufu no kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere byabaye ubwumvikane mpuzamahanga, guhitamo ibikoresho by'icyuma bifatika ntibifitanye isano gusa n'inyungu z'ubukungu, ahubwo binafitanye isano n'inshingano zo kubungabunga ibidukikije. Mu gihe kizaza, hamwe n'uko ibikoresho bishya n'imikorere bikomeza kugaragara, ibice bya transformer bizakomeza gutera imbere biganisha ku gihombo gito no ku musaruro mwiza, bigafasha mu kubaka sisitemu y'ingufu zikomoka ku bidukikije n'izikoresha karubone nkeya.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-29-2025
